Transparency International’s 2011 Corruption Perceptions Index, published on 1 December 2011, measured perceived public-sector corruption and gave the United Kingdom a score of 7.8 (rank 16), compared with Spain at 6.2, Portugal at 6.1, Italy at 3.9, and Greece at 3.4. Because higher CPI scores mean cleaner/less corrupt public sectors, the claim that Westminster was much less corrupt than those Mediterranean countries is broadly supported, though it is based on perceptions rather than direct measurement of actual corruption. Sources: Transparency International, "Corruption Perceptions Index 2011" (https://www.transparency.org/en/publications/corruption-perceptions-index-2011); Transparency International, "TI_CPI_2011_report_view.pdf" (https://wbc-rti.info/object/document/7104/attach/TI_CPI_2011_report_view.pdf).